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RIYADH: The Gulf Cooperation Council’s gross domestic product at current prices reached $2.14 trillion in 2023, down 2.7 percent from $2.2 trillion in 2022.

Despite this moderation, the non-oil sector showed strong resilience, contributing $1.51 trillion to the bloc’s GDP and underscoring the region’s ongoing diversification efforts.

Gross national income, which reflects the total earnings of citizens and companies after taxes and transfers, stood at $1.99 trillion, down 3 percent from the previous year, according to the GCC Statistical Center, Oman News Agency reported citing the latest available data.

Meanwhile, the oil sector contributed $604 billion, highlighting the continued influence of energy price fluctuations on the region’s economy.

The non-oil sector’s share of total GDP rose to 71.5 percent in 2023 from 65 percent in 2022, growing 6.4 percent year on year. Mining and quarrying remained the largest single contributor to the GCC economy over the past five years, averaging 28.3 percent of GDP, while manufacturing activities led the non-oil sector with an average contribution of 11.7 percent.

Several non-oil industries recorded robust growth in 2023. Financial and insurance services led with an 11.7 percent increase, followed by transportation and storage at 11.6 percent. Real estate grew 8.1 percent, public administration and defense rose 7.9 percent, wholesale and retail trade expanded 7.6 percent, and education climbed 5.5 percent, demonstrating broad-based sectoral strength.

Although mining and quarrying contracted by 18.8 percent and manufacturing experienced a slight decline of 0.7 percent, other sectors and investment activity provided strong support. Exports of goods and services totaled $1.26 trillion, accounting for nearly 60 percent of GDP, while final consumption expenditure—including household, government, and nonprofit spending—rose 7.5 percent to $1.25 trillion. Gross capital formation, which covers fixed asset investments, increased 5.5 percent to $601.8 billion, signaling sustained investment momentum despite macroeconomic pressures.

Overall, 2023 highlighted the GCC’s progress toward a more diversified, resilient, and non-oil-driven economy, positioning the region for sustainable growth in the years ahead.

RIYADH: ������Ƶ increased its holdings of US Treasury securities to $130.6 billion at the end of June, up $2.9 billion, or 2.3 percent, from May, according to official data. 

The Kingdom’s holdings stood at $127.7 billion in May, compared with $133.8 billion in April and $131.6 billion in March, according to the US Treasury Department. 

The increase comes as ������Ƶ, the world’s largest oil exporter, manages its vast foreign reserves against a backdrop of shifting oil revenues, fluctuating global interest rates and ongoing diversification efforts under Vision 2030. Treasuries remain a key tool for Riyadh to park surplus funds in liquid, low-risk assets while balancing exposure to other currencies and asset classes. 

The report added that ������Ƶ retained 17th place among the largest holders of such instruments in June. 

Compared with June 2024, ������Ƶ’s holdings in US Treasuries declined by 6.8 percent. 

The latest data also showed that the Kingdom is the only country in the Gulf Cooperation Council and the wider Middle East region to secure a place among the top 20 holders of US Treasury securities. 

������Ƶ’s holdings were split between long-term bonds worth $103.5 billion, representing 79 percent of the total, and short-term bonds amounting to $27.1 billion, or 21 percent. 

Top holders  

Japan remained the largest investor in June with holdings totaling $1.14 trillion, up 0.9 percent from May. 

The UK ranked second at $858.1 billion, marking a 6 percent increase from the previous month. 

China followed with portfolios valued at $756.4 billion, little changed from $756.3 billion in May. 

The Cayman Islands and Canada ranked fourth and fifth with $442.7 billion and $438.5 billion, respectively. Belgium held sixth with $433.4 billion, followed by Luxembourg at $404.7 billion and France at $374.9 billion. 

Ireland was ninth with $317.4 billion, while Switzerland came 10th with $300.9 billion. 

Taiwan ranked 11th at $298.1 billion. Singapore held the 12th spot with $254.4 billion, followed by Hong Kong at $242.6 billion and India at $227.4 billion. 

������Ƶ’s Treasury holdings are closely watched as they reflect the Kingdom’s strategy of balancing reserve diversification with strong US financial ties. Treasuries are among the world’s safest assets, and changes in Saudi positions often signal how major energy exporters deploy surplus revenues amid oil price swings and global interest rate shifts.