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An increase in cases of a rare but fatal form of encephalitis has put authorities in India’s southern state of Kerala on alert, forcing them to step up testing to address what they say is a serious public health challenge.
Kerala has reported around 69 cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) since the beginning of this year including 19 deaths following contact with Naegleria fowleri, commonly known as the “brain-eating” amoeba, the state health minister told the state assembly on Wednesday.
Three of the deaths occurred in the last month, including that of a three-month old infant.
“Unlike last year, we are not seeing clusters linked to a single water source. These are single, isolated cases, which has complicated our epidemiological investigations,” minister Veena George was quoted as saying by NDTV news.
Last year, the state reported 36 cases of PAM and nine deaths, NDTV said.
Amoebic encephalitis is a rare but lethal central nervous system infection caused by free-living amoebae found in freshwater, lakes and rivers, showed a Kerala government document.
Of the two types of amoebic encephalitis, primary amoebic encelphalitis has been found in Kerala, and is caused by Naegleria fowleri, the document showed.
The government has begun chlorinating wells, water tanks and public bathing areas, and areas where people are likely to bathe and come in contact with the amoeba, NDTV reported.
Globally, the survival rate of PAM is around 3 percent but because of advanced testing and diagnosis, Kerala has achieved 24 percent, George has been quoted as saying in local media.
“Climate change raising the water temperature and the heat driving more people to recreational water use is likely to increase the encounters with this pathogen,” the government said in the document, which was published last year.

BRUSSELS: EU countries will seek Thursday to settle on an emissions-cutting plan to bring to a key UN conference in Brazil, as divisions on the bloc’s green agenda threaten its global leadership on climate.
Environment ministers for the 27-nation bloc are gathering in Brussels with the clock ticking down on a United Nations deadline to produce plans to fight global warming for 2035.
One of the world’s biggest greenhouse-gas emitters behind China, the United States and India, the EU has to date been the most committed to climate action, by some margin.
As such the bloc was hoping to pull ahead and derive its submission to November’s COP30 climate conference from a more ambitious 2040 goal.
But that is yet to be agreed by member states, leaving Brussels scrambling for a last-minute solution.
Denmark, which holds the EU’s rotating presidency, has suggested submitting to the UN a “statement of intent,” rather than a hard target.
That would include a pledge to cut emissions between 66.3 percent and 72.5 percent compared to 1990 levels — with the range expected to be narrowed down at a later stage.
“This approach would ensure that (the) EU does not go to (the) UN Climate Summit empty-handed,” said a spokesperson for the Danish presidency of the European Council.
But even that is hardly a done deal and talks on Thursday could prove lengthy. One European diplomat suggested reporters prepare “a sleeping bag.”

- ‘Better than nothing’ -

The nearly 200 countries party to the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate action were supposed to put forward updated policies in February, providing a tougher 2035 emissions reduction target and a detailed blueprint for achieving it.
But only a handful made the deadline, since extended to September — still allowing plans to be assessed before COP30 starts on November 10, in the Brazilian city of Belem.
While not as good as a formal submission the “statement of intent” was “much better than nothing,” said a senior EU diplomat.
“It sort of saves the EU face at international level,” added Elisa Giannelli, of the E3G climate advocacy group.
The UN has pushed for world leaders, among them EU chief Ursula von der Leyen, to announce their commitments at the General Assembly in New York next week.
The EU has set a goal of becoming carbon neutral by 2050 under its so-called European Green Deal, and says it has already cut emissions by 37 percent compared to 1990.
But climate has increasingly taken a backseat in Brussels, as political winds turned.
With wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, security and defense are now top of mind, said Linda Kalcher, director of the Strategic Perspectives think tank, noting that EU leaders’ talks on climate are much less frequent now.
Right-wing electoral gains in several member states and the European Parliament have curbed ambitions, and the European Commission has pivoted to boosting industry, faced with fierce competition from China and US tariffs.

- ‘Short-sighted’ -

That was where the commission’s proposal to cut emissions by 90 percent by 2040, which was to inform the UN goal, got bogged down.
Denmark and Spain are among those pushing for approval. But others, like Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland, think it over-ambitious and detrimental to industry.
France, which is suffering from shaky finances and a prolonged political crisis, wants more clarity on the investment framework to support decarbonization before committing.
“We are not living in a European Green Deal era anymore,” said Giannelli.
Rather than seeing climate action as “an opportunity for international trade, economic growth, and competitiveness,” some nations have taken the “short-sighted view” that it is a costly exercise benefiting “only climate,” she said.
Last week, Paris and Berlin called for the 2040 target to be discussed at a leaders’ summit in October — effectively pushing back a decision that the commission had hoped could have been reached Thursday.
The delay sent a “bad signal” and brought into question EU leadership, said Michael Sicaud-Clyet of environmental group WWF, adding that the bloc was “losing its credibility” on climate.
“We continue to work together to find a compromise,” Wopke Hoekstra, the European Commissioner for Climate, told AFP, adding that he thought a deal on 2040 could still be reached before COP30.