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Last month, following a successful visit to Washington, where he signed a historic peace agreement with Armenia, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev traveled to Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan, for meetings with Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, the chairman of the People’s Council of Turkmenistan.

The global conversation about the energy transition still tends to treat the Gulf as a latecomer trying to catch up with Denmark’s discipline, Germany’s social mobilization, or China’s industrial scale. 

Whether described as hedging, balancing or bargaining, Turkiye’s policies toward the Western and non-Western worlds are shaped by different parameters, shifts and continuities. It is, without doubt, an approach that is difficult to decipher, both for observers and Turkiye’s counterparts.